Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. Post-independence creation of states and further division of states created after independence was done as a framework for the development of Nigeria. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. /F3 12 0 R To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria. /Filter /DCTDecode Here, the Attorney General of the Federation Instituted the case to test the true position so that the federal government would be guided on the varying issues of derivation formula. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. Adobe d C "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. This is another reason for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . /Height 235 It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. |4-Iv /Length 14727 ff>qsfN? By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. Excellent, thanks a lot f /F7 24 0 R These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . I love this article,very educating and interesting No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. /F5 18 0 R 2. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the Pls visit us again dear reader. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. /Width 371 Best information base for latest information both national and international. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. 1. welcome, and thanks for reading us. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. >> Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. /F2 9 0 R As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. Each state has the same level of self-governance. The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, Institutional Engineering and the Survival of Nigerian Federalism, " Managing a Plural Society : the Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 27, 1-2 (July 1989), 218-245, An Historical Interrogation of Federalism berlin, THE PRACTICE OF TRUE FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, "The dawn of constitutionalism in Nigeria in Mbondenyi, M. K., and Ojienda T. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Resource control: 3.7 7. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. Your email address will not be published. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder, Best Lawyers In The World (With Pictures): Top 10 Most Popular, Factors that Limits Independence of the Judiciary in Nigeria, Statute of Fraud: Contracts Required to be in Writing, Advantages And Disadvantages Of a Limited Liability Company (LLC), Richest Christian Musicians In The World: Top 10 Wealthiest, Countries With The Highest Minimum Wage 2022: Top 13, Best Handworks/Skills To Learn In Nigeria 2023: Top 12 Most Lucrative, Richest Engineers In Nigeria 2022: Top 10 Highest Paid, Cheapest Places to Live in the United Kingdom 2022: 12 Most Affordable, Cheapest Places/Cities To Live In Nigeria 2022. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. It also decided that the Public . In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. . To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. This allows the central or federal government to share governmental powers between the central or federal government and the components regions, state, etc. 1. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. Fear of insecurity and the desire for a Union Meaning of federalism? Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of .
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